Urdu: Hi-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah.ogg (Urdu: محمد علی جناح) (December 25,
1876 – September 11, 1948), a 20th century politician and statesman, is
generally regarded as the founder of Pakistan. He served as leader of
The Muslim League and Pakistan’s first Governor-General.
He is officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu: قائد اعظم —
“Great Leader”) and Baba-e-Qaum (بابائے قوم) (“Father of the Nation”).
His birthday is a national holiday in Pakistan. He has been equally
admired by his opponents due to his visionary approach and use of
constitutional and legal channels as a lawyer to bring about and end to
British rule to India and creation of Pakistan.
Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress expounding
ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact with
the Muslim League; he also became a key leader in the All India Home
Rule League. After observing Congress’s injustice with Indian Muslims,
Jinnah left Congress eventually. He proposed a fourteen-point
constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims
in a self-governing India. Jinnah embraced the goal of creating a
separate state for Muslims as per the Lahore Resolution. The League won
most Muslim seats in the elections of 1946, and Jinnah launched the
Direct Action campaign movement to achieve independence of Pakistan. The
strong reaction of Congress supporters resulted in communal violence
across South Asia. The failure of the Congress-League coalition to
govern the country prompted both parties and the British to agree to
independence of Pakistan and India. As the Governor-General of Pakistan,
Jinnah led efforts to rehabilitate millions of refugees, and to frame
national policies on foreign affairs, security and economic development.
Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال; November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938) was a Muslim poet, philosopher and politician born in Sialkot, Pakistan, whose poetry in Urdu, Arabic and Persian is considered to be among the greatest of the modern era, and whose vision of an independent state for the Muslims of British India was to inspire the creation of Pakistan. He is commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal (علامہ اقبال, Allama meaning “Scholar”.)
After studying in England and Germany, Iqbal established a law practice, but concentrated primarily on writing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy and religion. He is best known for his poetic works, including Asrar-e-Khudi—which brought a knighthood— Rumuz-e-Bekhudi, and the Bang-e-Dara, with its enduring patriotic song Tarana-e-Hind. In India, he is regarding for the patriotic song, Saare Jahan Se Achcha. In Afghanistan and Iran, where he is known as Iqbāl-e Lāhorī (اقبال لاہوری Iqbal of Lahore), he is highly regarded for his Persian works.
Iqbal was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation across the world, but specifically in South Asia; a series of famous lectures he delivered to this effect were published as The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. One of the most prominent leaders of the All India Muslim League, Iqbal encouraged the creation of a “state in northwestern India for Muslims” in his 1930 presidential address. Iqbal encouraged and worked closely with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and he is known as Muffakir-e-Pakistan (“The Thinker of Pakistan”), Shair-e-Mashriq (“The Poet of the East”), and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (“The Sage of Ummah”). He is officially recognized as the national poet of Pakistan. The anniversary of his birth (یوم ولادت محمد اقبال – Yōm-e Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl) on November 9 is a national holiday in Pakistan.
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